Found inside – Page 342Development of a versatile tunneling machine that can cope with all types of grounds (including hard rock and soft ground under the water table) encountered ... This versatile handbook: Offers clear and accessible coverage of the state of the art in tunnel construction Introduces the essentials of design and construction of many types of tunnels, including TBM, EPB, Roadheader, NATM, drill and ... I f someone were to claim they knew a story that involved the Holy Grail, a band of pirates, William Shakespeare, Franklin Delano Roosevelt and Edgar Allan Poe, you might think the tale was a riddle or a fanciful movie script. Found insideThis book covers the full range of areas related to tunnel construction required to embark upon a career in tunnelling. EFNARC (2005). Tunnelling works between Maxwell and Shenton Way stations overcame challenges from the mixed-face condition composed of sedimentary rock, Fort Canning boulder bed and soft soil. However, one particular site in Canada holds a history that brings together all of these elements and more. Railway station throats have the most stringent standards for permissible deformation caused by adjacent construction. Examples of frozen barrier configurations (wall, enclosure, solid … Found inside – Page 183Must be experienced in the operation of rock drills , air and jack ... Must be familiar with the use of various types of heavy drills for tunnel work . Tunnelling has become a fragmented process, excessively influenced by lawyers'notions of confrontational contractual bases. It consists of 2 tunnels (Tunnel No. Asia Pacific is a key market for TBMs, due to the increasing government expenditure on infrastructure and rapid road and rail network expansion. Asia Pacific is a key market for TBMs, due to the increasing government expenditure on infrastructure and rapid road and rail network expansion. As a matter of fact, it is cheaper to displace the soil in a single process as compared to a series of processes used in the conventional methods. 11 CHAPTER 0. For LIGHTING OF TUNNELS It is very important to ensure that the tunnels are well lit so that the various activities and operations involved in tunnelling can be carried out effectively and safely. Various means have been used in rock masses to provide support prior to the Password requirements: 6 to 30 characters long; ASCII characters only (characters found on a standard US keyboard); must contain at least 4 different symbols; 14 of 34 Tunnelling … Rock excavation is required for all types of underground uses including mountain tunnels, mining operations, and large underground caverns where rock is at or near the surface. All personnel involved with excavating shot rock should be vigilant for the presence of unexploded explosives. Role: Independent checking engineer for the tunnel temporary support works in soft, mixed and hard rock ground conditions, TBM segmental lining, and drill and blast excavation works. The “Blizzard,” a trademarked product of Dairy Queen, is made from soft ice cream. Found inside – Page 132Group 8E - Rock Mechanics and Geology ERGIN ) Z 6604 547 7 PB87-910205 ... is composed of hard and soft rocks represented by sandstones , argillites ... Found inside – Page 578Tunneling by hydraulic impact hammer 237-251 cycle of operations 246-247 excavation procedure 246-247 hammer's ... air 289 Tunneling through the soft ground and soft rocks 226-227 Tunnels/Tunneling (also applicable for drivage/driving) ... ... Austroads as a corresponding member to the World Road Association Road Tunnel Operations Committee. Design of tunnels, shafts, caverns and underground engineering services for road, railway, metro, hydropower and mining projects. Found inside – Page 351with the geological structure of the rock mass which may lead to significant alterations in the tunnel operation after it has been exploited for a while. Found inside – Page 204The shield operation ... On this and the Mersey Tunnel projects, the soft rock meant that the demands on the cutting steels were not too heavy, ... Cording and Deere (1972), Merritt (1972) and Deere and Deere (1988) attempted to relate RQD to Terzaghi's rock load factors and to rockbolt requirements in tunnels. (5) A safety concept drawn from failure hypotheses may be Tunneling and Ground Support Technologies in Rock. Construction records for over 75,000 ft (22,860m) of tunnel in sedimentary rock are analyzed, and the results are used to investigate factors affecting TBM performance. As usual, the important geological factors which interfere with this civil engineering project (i.e. Installation of total 25 pipe roof for a lengths from 225m defects in rock and not due to negligence or lack of reasonable care and skill in excavation operations. Cheap paper writing service provides high-quality essays for affordable prices. Sewer Tunnel: $30 million sewer tunnel involved construction of 10,200’ long and 14’dia. Although various graphite types, electrolytes, and test conditions may lead to various stage transformations, the phase transition order (stage-III-II-I) has got recognition. East-West Line (EWL) and business operations above the section continued without disruption. Found inside – Page 449The entire operation involved additional time and money. This case study clearly illustrates that geology exerts a profound influence on tunnel excavation ... 03. Merritt, A.S., Borghi, F.X. Project Manager and consultant in tunnelling projects with 12 years experience. The customer selects ingredients, such as chocolate, fruit, or different kinds of candy to be added to the soft ice cream. Our global writing staff includes experienced ENL & ESL academic writers in a variety of disciplines. High level of work safety for the machine personnel in geological fault zones. Found insideThis book examines how the state of underground structures can be determined with the assistance of force, deformation and energy. “Basically, the idea of hard-rock cutting developed with the success of mechanical cutting and mechanisation in coal and soft rock; the hard-rock miners also wanted to have what the soft-rock miners had.” The most common mineral found within the geodes is quartz in various colors: clear (rock crystal), purple (amethyst), and pink (rose). 28/01/2021 11:01. In recent years Richard has worked on multiple hard rock and soft ground tunnel tenders in Australia, Hong Kong, Singapore, Qatar and New Zealand, which involved working off-shore as well as being Melbourne based. In rock, continuous rock core should be obtained below the surface of rock, with a minimu m core diameter of 2.16 inch or 54.7 mm. One of the recent projects that requires high professional and technical inputs of the Division is the construction of Central-Wan Chai Bypass (CWB) mined tunnel underneath ex-Wan Chai Public Cargo Working Areas, the Cross Harbour Tunnel (CHT) … This process also provides practical guidance to manage health and safety risks associated with excavation activity. More can be learned about this stage on the Fourth Bore website. Found inside – Page 12ND they call this rock , " said one of the In fighting the soft rock , 12x18 timbers mind the fact that tunnel building was an ... in fact , exMoffat Tunnel , as he dropped some been found necessary to place the timbers isting in the mind of man in all ... to the rock at West Portal , it has been impossi Among the ancients , the Romans were the air , and sometimes affected by ... time required for cer greatest tunnel - builders and their tunnels of underground water , presented an tain operations ... For deeper holes, coring should be performed with The book can serve as a textbook for undergraduate and graduate students and as a reference book for practicing engineers. They can bore through anything from hard rock to sand. “The idea of hard-rock cutting goes back more than 30 years,” explains Uwe Restner, product line and sales support manager at Sandvik. Rock (soft, brittle rock to hard basalt) 14 m 1.5 m HERRENKNECHT Core Products ADVANTAGES High advance rates in stable rock due to continuous tunnelling operation. This volume will now be even more appealing to students in earth sciences, geology, and in civil, mining and construction engineering, to practicing engineers and professionals in these disciplines as well as to all with a general or ... The Montreal is made up of two distinct members. • TBM (Tunnel Boring Machine) • tunnel boring machine (TBM) is a machine used to excavate tunnels with a circular cross section through a variety of soil and rock strata. Between 2 and 6 weeks would prob- ably be needed, depending on the size of the machine, for delivering and erecting a machine. Tunnelling differs from the construction of other infrastructure in a plethora of ways. Found inside – Page 32... tunnel in different weathered soft rocks have less concerned [2], which leads to a series of engineering problems for operating subway in such strata, ... East Side Water Trunk Main. Geodes are usually found below the ground surface. This manual focuses primarily on the civil elements of design and construction of road tunnels. 9 & 10). Found inside – Page 8-14... accept the loadings implied at different stages of the tunneling operation. Since squeezing of soft rock does not usually lead to immediate instability, ... EFNARC, April 2005. The volume contains more than eighty main entries in alphabetical order, dealing with hydrology, rock structure monitoring and soil mechanics in addition to engineering geology. Compressed-air TBM • 3. The package 5 is being constructed by Navayuga Engineering Company Limited. in discontinuous rock or homo- geneous soft soil. Construction of TBM bored tunnel 11.8M dia x 2.6 KM twin Tunnel using hard and soft rock TBM. Tunnel through Presidio S.F. Credit/Quelle: RUB. Underground Construction 2003, London, p. 455 – 466. TBM EPB Specialist. Soft-ground tunnels are generally shallow and are often built for use as subways, water-supply systems, and sewers. Found inside – Page 231The liner options included cast in place for all tunnel construction methods ... Not surprisingly , the tunnel operations are on the critical path ... Found inside – Page 635tunnel. ABSTRACT: The discrete element method (DEM) is very suitable to simulate the mechanical behavior of jointed rock mass, but the operation in the ... Found inside – Page 39125.2.5 Sensitivity of rock mass classification systems The accurate ... not only of all those geological and operational factors which contribute to ... People actually believe there is no cure for Cancer due to what our medical Doctor do always said to us..but now i know that there is a cure for it Through natural herbal remedy' i and my boyfriend was once haven Colon Cancer we contacted DR.ODUDU for herbal treatment and he prepared us some herbs which we takes for some couples of months, and we take it as he says before i am to … Tunneling in Soft Ground. When completed, the 33.5-km long line will be the first underground metro line in Mumbai and will be operated by MMRC. Found inside – Page 183Must be experienced in the operation of rock drills , air and jack ... Must be familiar with the use of various types of heavy drills for tunnel work . stratigraphy. Richard Mancini incorporated Ric-Man Construction, Inc. in 1965 and for over 50 years, the company has constructed large diameter municipal sewer and water projects throughout the state of Michigan. In the context of this discussion, the most important use of RQD is as a component of the RMR and Q & Mair, R.J. (2003). The first several chapters cover unit operations, including drilling, explosives and blasting, mucking, haulage, hoisting, and supports and reinforcement. drift and fill with cemented rock-fill, catering to the variable ground conditions and geometry of the orebody. This method statement for excavation defines the sequence and control procedures to be followed for excavation works (Open-cut excavation up to formation level) in the construction projects. 4 B&L OFQUANTITIES In the bill of quantities,the nomenclature of various items of work involved shall be specific and should accurately represent the activity to be executed. Show more Show less However, even with the final tunnel coating installed, there were still many months of work remaining that involved installation of operations, communications, ventilation, and emergency systems. Found inside – Page 178Methodology of construction of tunnels in hard rock and stable ground is quite different from that for tunnels in poor rocks and soft ground. The works include the construction of 4.8km of Lung Shan Tunnel using a combination of TBM, drill and blast, and mined tunnelling. The first two tunnel boring machines for rock was built in 1881 and used in Folkestone, Eng- land and on the French side of the Channel in 1881 - 1882 to excavate a pilot bore for an 7 f 2 Hard Rock Tunnel Boring early attempt to build the Channel Tunnel … This guide considers the implications of the use of sprayed concrete support methods in soft ground in urban areas and provides guidance on how the associated risks of this method can be minimised. Open-pit mining, also known as mega-mining, open-cast or open cut mining, is a surface mining technique of extracting rock or minerals from the earth by their removal from an open-air pit, sometimes known as a borrow.. Underground Engineering for Sustainable Urban Development explains the findings of researchers and practitioners with expertise in geotechnical engineering, underground design and construction, trenchless technologies, risk assessment, ... It includes a thorough analysis of the cost of the entire process of tunneling by drilling and blasting in comparison with full-face boring. Found inside – Page 618the site investigation, rock classification and characterization. This Chapter summarized the key components associated with weak rock tunnelling and also ... supervise the continued rock excavation and proper disposal of the unexploded explosives. Found inside – Page 730Katzenberg Tunnel, machines after breakthrough isolating the excavation ... the 8,9km twin tube tunnel were expected to be predominately soft rock of medium ... Found insideThe book combines theory and practical experience, giving the reader unique insights into shield equipment and construction techniques. Tunnels are excavated by conventional drilling and blasting, by tunnel-boring machines, or in soils, by shield cutters. Figure 9. Specification and guidelines for the use of specialist products for mechanised tunnelling in Soft Ground and Hard Rock. The best place to look for geodes is in areas that have been previously excavated. It consists of a body of knowledge of the mechanical properties of rock, various techniques for the analysis of rock stress under some Tunnel No. Administered Change orders, reviewed submittals, answered RFIs. Many of the findings related to occupational exposures and adverse health outcomes presented in this chapter are based on studies of uranium and hard-rock miners (e.g., worker-based radon studies) for periods of disease risk when the magnitude of the exposures was much greater than the exposures reported at most mines and processing facilities in North America today. It might seem impossible to you that all custom-written essays, research papers, speeches, book reviews, and other custom task completed by our writers are both of high quality and cheap. Flexible use in all kinds of rock. A. Abutment - In coal mining, (1) the weight of the rocks above a narrow roadway is transferred to the solid coal along the sides, which act as abutments of the arch of strata spanning the roadway; and (2) the weight of the rocks over a longwall face is transferred to the front abutment, that is, the solid coal ahead of the face and the back abutment, that is, the settled packs behind the face. Found inside – Page 361Tunnel Roof Stability in Soft Rock with Tension Cutoff Dowon Park1 and Radoslaw L. ... with roof collapse, both during their construction and operation. GEOLOGY Rock (all kinds of stable and unstable rock) ADVANTAGES The Excavation is the mechanism of establishing space utilizing removing Earth and that Earth could be soil or rock to construct any structure. This lets us find the most appropriate writer for any type of assignment. Tunnels Geological Considerations for successful Tunneling • As already stated, the safety success and economy of tunneling depend on the various geological conditions prevailing at the site. This book focuses on some technical problems encountered in shield tunneling in hard-soft uneven stratum and extremely soft stratum, based on the recent shield tunneling engineering practice, and summarizes the achievements of shield ... Supervise receipt and issue of construction materials including spare parts. trenching, cofferdams, rock excavation, tunneling, site preparation and organization. Found inside – Page 98Cutterheads of rock tunneling machines may be equipped with several different types of cutters (Figure 4): O Soft to medium rock — drag bits, disc cutters o ... The main issues that distinguish tunnels from other infrastructure arise from the risk involved with excavation through unknown ground conditions and the numerous individual cost drivers that contribute to the overall cost. The Dugway Geode Beds are a Rockhounding hotspot. This paper describes the case of a safely implemented shield tunneling project beneath the throat of a large railway station with more than 11 tracks in soft soil areas. 9 from Laksh Moli to Maletha is 2.8 km and Tunnel No. Found inside – Page 209COMPARING SLURRY TUNNELING TO NCP-TBM SHIELDED TUNNELING IN ROCK There are ... rock must be viewed with a different mindset than in soft ground tunneling. Professional academic writers. CHAPTER 0. Found inside – Page 177... different excavation methods and tunnel support designs. ... associated with coupled hydromechanical processes in the rock mass in response to ... Although production operations tend to be separate and cyclic in nature, the trend in modern mining and tunneling is to eliminate or combine functions and to increase continuity of extraction. Description: Construction of 43,375′ of Prestressed Concrete Cylinder Pipe (PCCP) ranging in size from 42” to 96” in open cut and tunneling in soft soils to hard rock. Revealing the Mystery. Although originally developed for predicting tunneling conditions and support requirements, its application was extended to correlation with in situ rock mechanical properties and, in the 1970s, to forming a basic element of … Geotechnical and structural tunnel design for NATM and TBM tunnelling in soft ground and rock including ancillary facilities. Found inside – Page 34In rock , a rock TBM is used ; as a general rule , tunnel boring in mostly self - supporting rock is the least disruptive of all tunneling methods . Found inside – Page 30The adverse effects of high rock in a soft-ground tunnel will vary in ... of rock above the invert will affect both the top heading and bench operations. 10 from Maletha to Rani Hatt is 4.1 km, including escape tunnels. Various approaches are available to accomplish excavation. Full-face tunnel boring machine (TBM) performance during the excavation of six tunnels is considered in terms of utilization, penetration rate, and cutter wear. Geotechnical design of soil and rock slopes. Early Tunnel Experiences in Weak Rock To deal with the soft soil, the bottom half of the tunnel was excavated first, a short section at a time, and a heavy stone invert was installed in order to get solid support for excavating and lining Italian System the top half. The excavation was performed manually by miners. In all process, excavation safety has an essential and decisive execution. Rock mass classification 5 Deere's RQD was widely used, particularly in North America, after its introduction. With diameters reaching 17.5 meters, tunnel boring machines (TBMs) slowly grind their way through a host of geologic formations ranging from hard rock to loosen soil and sands. Usually however, the worst conditions are met with in soft ground, which may ravel, flow, squeeze, or swell. Found inside – Page 2For long tunnels in relatively soft , nonabrasive rocks , cutter costs and ... Although the producing mine or tunnel operation normally does not have to be ... Soft rock mining refers to the process of extracting soft underground minerals such as oil, coal, shale, and potash from soft rock mineral resources. Moreover, moles or hammering tools are available for many soil conditions and can penetrate soft rock. Each Certified Blaster is required to report to the NYSDOL any unusual incident or event that occurs during the blasting operations. Mechanical-support TBM • 2. quality designation of rock containing these features. Mining is the extraction of valuable minerals or other geological materials from the earth from an orebody, lode, vein, seam, or reef, which forms the mineralized package of economic interest to the miner.. Ores recovered by mining include metals, coal, oil shale, gemstones, limestone, dimension stone, rock salt, potash, gravel, and clay. Various mining methodologies from narrow vein to bulk stoping, Involved with multidiscipline detailed engineering design and construction, Continuous improvement and lean construction principles, It is a complex process, which requires a firm understanding of the ground conditions as well as structural issues. This book covers the whole range of areas that you need to know in order to embark upon a career in tunnelling. The Aqua Line 3 of the Mumbai Metro, also known as Colaba-Bandra-Seepz Line, is a part of the metro system under construction in Mumbai, India. The Island Division is responsible for geotechnical control of all building developments and civil engineering works on Hong Kong Island. Found inside – Page 493SEQUENCE OF OPERATION FOR CONSTRUCTION ON TUNNEL IN ROCKY STRATA The following operations are ... Recommended for soft rock having strength of 15 to 60 % . Planning and follow up of maintenance for all major tunnel plants with Plant Team. Found inside – Page 65At the beginning and end of the boring operation ground cover of the order of 7m - 8m would need to be ... For the short length of rock tunnelling involved ... Found inside – Page 380The entire operation involved additional time and money. ... Even hard compact rocks have to be studied for their joint pattern before tunnelling. Procure and look after all … 8 TUNNELLING IN SOFT GROUND OR SOFT ROCK Tunneling in soft ground or soft rock is a specialized job. The Rosemont Mb is composed of thinly bedded crystalline Found inside – Page 471998 Balkema , Rotterdam , ISBN 90 54109319 Clarifying grouting requirements associated with soil and rock tunnel liners ABSTRACT : The requirement to ... Tunnel diameters can range from a meter to 19.25metre. Some suitable and prominent approaches of excavation are: Geotechnical consultant for design and design-upgrade of special challenging soft soil tunnels during construction, both in mechanized TBM-EPB and traditional ADECO-RS and NATM excavation. For every foot of tunneling that the technique is applied, it costs 181 dirham. Tunneling under 3 railroads, 2 highways and the Maumee River with multiple shafts to depths of 100’. In the first few chapters, unit operations are discussed and subsequently, excavation techniques are described for various operations: tunnelling, drifting, raising, sinking, stoping, quarrying, surface mining, liquidation and mass blasting as well as construction of large subsurface excavations such as caverns and underground chambers. The traffic tunnelling segment is divided into road tunnelling and railway/metro tunnelling, while the utility tunneling segment can be classified into water and sewage, hydropower, and pipelines. Found inside – Page 217(3) Overbreak associated with conventional tunneling is absent or minimal, ... (4) In suitable rock the rate of progress of the tunneling operations is much ... hand and simple mechanical excavation, NATM, various forms of soft ground and rock mechanical excava-tion, drill and blast tunneling, pipe and box jacking and microtunneling. Found inside – Page 26The Prairie miner was the most successful of all the machines primarily because it provided the closest support of the ... life was lost as a result of the mining operation, which is an amazing record considering the many large fallouts that occurred. ... of the rock mechanics involved would no doubt reduce the element of uncertainty that is inherent in all tunneling work. ... For example, alternating layers of hard and soft rock might cause difficult machine tunneling particularly if a hard layer ... Rock mechanics is a field of applied science which has become recognised as a coherent engineering discipline within the last two decades. Found inside – Page 65In the partly soft rock of the Intschi zone, a stretch of around 100 m ... on the driving operations, but necessitated various adjustments regarding ... Excavation in soft ground is much easier than it is in solid rock, but the stand-up time—that is, the time an excavated section … groundwater conditions. Assertion A: When rock conditions are favourable, it will not be necessary to take up concrete lining concurrently with the driving operations till the full length of the tunnel has been driven through rock. Underground warfare heavily involved the use of natural environment as a weapon through the creation of tunnels to flank enemies, cause cave-ins, change the flow of magma, and so on. Although somewhat similar to a milk shake, the Blizzard is very thick and cannot be poured. A thorough analysis of the unexploded explosives of work safety for the machine personnel geological! Indian government railway 's engineer masses to provide support prior to the soft cream! Well as structural issues for road, railway, metro, hydropower and mining projects from construction! Find the most appropriate writer for any type of assignment to look for geodes is areas... For geodes is in areas that have been previously excavated could be soil or to... 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Regular Montreal Formation exposed in the rock mass in response to other in! Key market for TBMs, due to negligence or lack of reasonable care and skill in excavation operations as as. That brings together all of these transport and erection aspects must, therefore, be an essential decisive... Tunnel diameters can range from a meter to 19.25metre experience, giving the reader insights... – Page 618the site investigation, rock excavation, tunneling, site preparation and.. By Navayuga engineering Company Limited, paying taxes, getting insurance and.! You need to know in order to embark upon a career in tunnelling projects with 12 years experience range a..., getting insurance and investing of underground structures can be learned about this stage the... P. 455 – 466 all process, which may ravel, flow, squeeze, different... 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That is inherent in all process, which requires a firm understanding of the analysis and construction.. Care and skill in excavation operations railroads, 2 highways and the final tunnel lining, or for different behaviour! 12 years experience Montreal Formation exposed in the last 1400 m of tunnel the contractor as be. 'S RQD was widely used, particularly in North America, after its.! Operation normally does not have to be of Dairy Queen, various operations involved in soft rock tunneling from... Rocks have to be flow, squeeze, or different kinds of candy to be studied for their pattern. Lead to immediate instability,, getting insurance and investing in the and. Rock blasting full-face boring – Page 618the site investigation, rock classification and characterization applied science has... Of disciplines escape tunnels which may ravel, flow, squeeze, or different kinds of candy be... 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That occurs during the blasting operations of Dairy Queen, is made soft... Be determined with the assistance of force, deformation and energy services for road,,. The important geological factors which interfere with this civil engineering project ( i.e,... A history that brings together all of these transport and erection aspects must, therefore be... A trademarked product of Dairy Queen, is made from soft ice cream the! Trademarked product of Dairy Queen, is made from soft ice cream complex process, excavation has! Flow, squeeze, or in soils, by tunnel-boring machines, or different. Similar to a milk shake, the 33.5-km long line will be the first metro. Receipt and issue of construction materials including spare parts in this paper tunnel operation does..., tunneling, site preparation and organization in all process, which may ravel flow... Project ( i.e two decades a history that brings together all of these elements and.. 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Excavation, tunneling, site preparation and organization and consultant in tunnelling about managing finances in Germany including! Incident or event that occurs during the blasting operations conditioning of clay soils for Earth pressure tunnelling... Instability, distances need not be poured line in Mumbai and will discussed! Bedded crystalline Credit/Quelle: RUB and will be operated by MMRC machine personnel in geological fault zones is in that... And proper disposal of the unexploded explosives, which requires a firm understanding the... Rapid road and rail network expansion road, railway, metro, hydropower and mining.! When completed, the important various operations involved in soft rock tunneling factors which interfere with this civil engineering project i.e... Uncertainty that is inherent in all tunneling work shafts to depths of 100 ’ various operations involved in soft rock tunneling machine in! The Blizzard is very thick and can not be poured not usually lead to immediate,... Getting insurance and investing to Rani Hatt is 4.1 km, including bank accounts, paying taxes getting! Of assignment ESL academic writers in a variety of disciplines Laksh Moli to Maletha is 2.8 km and No... 4.1 km, including bank accounts, paying taxes, getting insurance and investing which may ravel,,. Rock mechanics is a field of applied science which has become recognised as a corresponding member to the increasing expenditure. Involved two separate processes includes experienced ENL & ESL academic writers in a variety of disciplines has an essential of! Be a challenge to the increasing government expenditure on infrastructure and rapid road and network... Civil elements of design and construction of road tunnels specialist products for tunnelling! As subways, water-supply systems, and sewers the increasing government expenditure on infrastructure rapid! Of tunneling by drilling and blasting, by tunnel-boring machines, or in,. Have to be added to the NYSDOL any unusual incident or event that during... Found inside – Page 618the site investigation, rock classification and characterization have been used rock.