She succeeds him as interregnum regent using the name Ankhkheprure, and is the queen of the Dakhamunzu affair with the Hittites. The Coregency Stela (UC 410), mentioned earlier, might resolve the question if it were not so badly damaged. Manetho's Epitome, a summary of his work, describes the late Eighteenth Dynasty succession as "Amenophis for 30 years 10 months",[6] who seems likely to be Amenhotep III. Allen suggested that adopting the name Ankhkheperure was "to emphasize the legitimacy of Smenkh-ka-re's claim against that of Akhenaton's "chosen" (/mr/) coregent". Her age alone need not disqualify her, since it is the same age at which Tutankhaten ascended the throne, but a ten-year-old girl seems unlikely to many. Setepenre: Year 11 (1339 BCE). The text is said to be badly damaged, but a doctoral student read the text to indicate a date from regnal year sixteen of Akhenaten and noted that it mentions Nefertiti as Akhenaten's chief wife. [69], The Smenkhkare/Zannanza version garners little support among Egyptologists. Indisputable images for Smenkhkare are rare. The inscription is dated explicitly to Year 16 III Akhet day 15 of Akhenaten's own reign and mentions, in the same breath, the presence of Queen Nefertiti—or the "Great Royal Wife, His Beloved, Lady of the Two Lands, Neferneferuaten Nefertiti"—in its third line. Without grandchildren, there is less to support the older age estimates. Münster 2011, S. 301–331, This page was last edited on 18 December 2020, at 13:18. A Contribution to the Study of the Later Years of Nefertiti, Journal of Egyptian History (JEH) 7 (2014), pp.72-73 & 76-77, van der Perre, JEH 7 (2014) pp.82-87 & 96-102, A. van der Perre, JEH 7 (2014), pp.101-102, William J. Murnane, The End of the Amarna Period Once Again’, Orientalistische Literaturzeitung (OLZ) Vol. This banner text can have markup.. web; books; video; audio; software; images; Toggle navigation Central to the theory is that Akhenaten was being driven to produce a male heir that results in attempts to father his own grandchildren. ... Theories include sudden death by a plague that was sweeping through the city or another natural death. There are almost as many theories and putative chronologies as there are Egyptologists interested in the period. [22] He pointed out the name 'Ankhkheperure' was rendered differently depending on whether it was associated with Smenkhkare or Neferneferuaten. The various steles, for instance, strongly suggest a female coregent but offer nothing conclusive as to her identity. For some time the accepted interpretation of the evidence was that Smenkhkare served as coregent with Akhenaten beginning about year 15 using the throne name Ankhkheperure. Dodson proposes that, in that role, Neferneferuaten helped guide the reformation in the early years of Tutankhaten and conjectures that her turn around is the result of her 'rapid adjustment to political reality'. It is not known with certainty when the tomb owner died or if he may have lived on to serve a new king. Neferneferuaten Tasherit: Year 8. Several of the works of Nicholas Reeves and Aidan Dodson advocate for Nefertiti as Neferneferuaten. He says: Nicholas Reeves concludes from this Year 3 inscription by Pawah in Pairi's tomb below: Therefore, Neferneferuaten might have been the Amarna-era ruler who first reached an accommodation with the Amun priests and reinstated the cult of Amun—rather than Tutankhamun as previously thought—since her own mortuary temple was located in Thebes—the religious capital of the Amun priesthood and Amun priests were now working within it, however, Egypt's political administration was still situated at Amarna rather than Thebes under Neferneferuaten's reign. His original name, Tutankhaten, meant "Living Image of Aten", while Tutankhamun meant "Living Image of Amun". Her sisters Neferneferure and Setepenre are standing behind her. Late in the reign of Amenhotep III, the new Crown Prince Amnehotep married Nefertiti, who was most likely his cousin, the niece of Queen Tiye. Though the titles are missing for the infant, it seems certain it also was a girl. Her name means "beautiful" or "perfect", but her parentage is uncertain and nothing is … Nefertiti first appears in scenes in Thebes. Aside from the tomb of Meryre II, the adjacent image showing an Amarna king and queen in a garden is often attributed to him. Meketaten is first depicted on the walls of the Hut-benben temple dedicated to her mother Nefertiti in Thebes. [5], For other individuals named Neferneferuaten, see. The Complete Royal Families of Ancient Egypt. [3], It has been suggested that she might be identified as Akhenaten's co-regent,[5][6] whose exact identity is still disputed, but who could have been a woman. It is also possible that, in a similar fashion to Hatshepsut, Nefertiti disguised herself as a male and assumed the male alter-ego of Smenkhkare; in this instance she could have elevated her daughter Meritaten to the role of Great Royal Wife. The fourth set are from the hieratic inscription from the tomb of Pairi (TT139) which seems to have a feminine marker in the nomen's epithet. The recently discovered inscription mentioning Nefertiti as queen in year 16 shows that the Amarna Period may yet have secrets and clues to divulge. Adding to this, Neferneferuaten shares her prenomen, or throne name, with Smenkhkare, and her nomen (or birth name) with Nefertiti/Nefertiti-Neferneferuaten making identification very difficult at times. She was born around the year 1370 bce, and died in 1330 bce, giving her an age of 60 years. When Nefertiti was fifteen years old, she married Amenhotep IV, who was a year older and became king upon his father's death. Neferneferuaten's successor seems to have denied her a king's burial and, later, in the reign of Horemheb, the entire Amarna period began to be regarded as anathema and the reigns of the Amarna period pharaohs from Akhenaten to Ay were expunged from history as these kings' total regnal years were assigned to Horemheb. When coupled with Neferneferuaten, the prenomen included an epithet referring to Akhenaten such as 'desired of Wa en Re'. The lack of unique names continues to cause problems in books and papers written before the early 1980s: an object might be characterized as bearing the name of Smenkhkare, when if in fact, the name was "Ankhkheperure", it could be related to one of two people. Marc Gabolde has written several papers and at least one book (in French) supporting Meritaten. Most Egyptologists see two names, indicating two individual people, as the simplest and more likely view. Life. Neferneferuaten Tasherit or Neferneferuaten the younger (14th century BCE) was an ancient Egyptian princess of the 18th Dynasty and the fourth daughter of Pharaoh Akhenaten and his Great Royal Wife Nefertiti. Theories include sudden death by a plague that was sweeping through the city or another natural death. [Katalog zur Ausstellung Berlin, 7 December 2012 – 13 April 2013]. Amenhotep III. One of the earliest depictions of Setepenre is in a fresco from the King’s House in Amarna. a more recent theory suggests that Dakhamunzu was princess Neferneferuaten Tasherit, fourth daughter of Akhenaten and Nefertiti, converted in coregent of her father and acting as queen Neferneferuaten, widow of her father. [2] The "effective..." epithets, then represent a period during which Akhenaten was incapacitated, but may also date from a time after Akhenaten’s death. [30][39][62] The reasons for this remain speculation, as does a regency with Tutankhaten. As a prince, he was known as Tutankhaten. Tyldesley, Joyce. Acencheres is Ankhkheperure according to Gabolde,[7] with a transcription error assumed which converted 2 years, 1 month into the 12 years, 1 month reported (Africanus and Eusebius cite 32 and 16 years for this person) by the addition of 10 years. Also, the Mizuno Softball Series only comes in one web type. About that time, Akhenaten began attempting to father his own grandchildren. [2] He suggested that the almost constant references to Akhenaten, in particular the 'desired of Akhenaten' versions, may be proclamations of legitimacy on the part of Neferneferuaten. [18] These were linked with a few items including a statuette found in Tutankhamun’s tomb depicting a king whose appearance was particularly feminine, even for Amarna art which seems to favor androgyny. Since Tutankamun was alive and of royal lineage, Meritaten's actions almost certainly must be taken as intending to prevent his ascension. This theory is based on the discovery of several shabti fragments inscribed for Nefertiti (now located in the Louvre and Brooklyn Museums). Except for a unique case, the reed is not reversed when used with Ankhkheperure. [2] She is known to have later married Pharaoh Smenkhare. Some are even spelled the same. In the last nomen, the leading reed is reversed as it always is in the cartouche of Nefertiti-Neferneferuaten. Let us study Reeves’ arguments: 1. Tutankhamun, Akhenaten’s only son, took over at age 9 or 10 after the death of Neferneferuaten Tasherit. Cause of death. There are many theories regarding her death and burial but, to date, the mummy of this famous queen, her parents, or her children has not been found or formally identified. There were no occasions where the ‘long’ versions of the prenomen occurred alongside the nomen 'Smenkhkare', nor was the ‘short’ version ever found associated with the nomen 'Neferneferuaten'. Meketaten’s approximate year of birth is in or before year 4 of Akhenaten. [83], This development implies that either Neferneferuaten was deposed in a struggle for power, possibly deprived of a royal burial—and buried as a queen—or that she was buried with a different set of king's funerary equipment—possibly Akhenaten's own funerary equipment—by Tutankhamun's officials since Tutankhamun succeeded her as king.[84]. Ring bezels and scarabs bearing his name found, only show the city was still inhabited during his reign. 1998. [1], Neferneferuaten Tasherit is depicted in several tombs in Amarna and appears on monuments. She is depicted sitting on her mother Nefertiti's lap. His Aegyptiaca (History of Egypt) divided the rulers into dynasties, which forms the basis of the modern system of dating Ancient Egypt. She is shown taking … If just a new crown was added to her image, it would argue quite strongly that Nefertiti adopted a new name and title. As illustrated in a 2011 Metropolitan Museum of Art[5] symposium on Horemheb, the general chronology of the late Eighteenth Dynasty is: There is no broad consensus as to the succession order of Smenkhkare and Neferneferuaten. The king led this religious revolution, in which Nefertiti played a prominent role. Neferneferuaten-tasherit. [36], Nefertiti was well in the forefront during her husband's reign and even depicted engaging in kingly activities such as smiting the enemies of Egypt (see image, right). If that is the case, she would only have been ten or eleven when she died in childbirth around year 14,[77] which is several years shy of the age when girls typically become able to conceive at age 13 (Akhenaten and his daughters may have suffered from a hereditary genetic condition called aromatase excess syndrome, which resulted in gynecomastia in males and premature sexual development in females,[78] making childbirth at 11 less improbable). Cause of death: unspecified. Secondly, both Aidan Dodson and the late Bill Murnane have stressed that the female ruler Neferneferuaten and Meritaten /Meryetaten cannot be the same person. Neferneferuaten Tasherit: Year 6 (1344 BC), possibly later became Pharaoh Nefernferuaten. Son of Re, Lord of Crowns, Neferneferuaten Mery-Waenre, Great Royal Spouse, Meritaten, May she Live Forever. Some items are believed to have been at least originally intended for a woman based on the style even when a name cannot be restored. Murnane, William J., Texts from the Amarna Period in Egypt, Society of Biblical Literature, 1995. "[72], In 2006, James Allen proposed a new reading of events. They had six daughters and, according to some, one son. It is completely without inscription, but since they do not look like Tutankhamun nor his queen, they are often assumed to be Smenkhkare and Meritaten, but Akhenaten and Nefertiti are sometimes put forth as well. Gershom Eliezer . She died before she reached the age of six, and was most likely the first of Akhenaten's children to die. Reeves sees Nefertiti ruling independently for some time before Tutankhamun and has identified her as Dahamunzu of the Hittite letter-writing episode. Shown here as children, they were two of six daughters born to Akhenaten and Nefertiti. #313 ‘Binyanim’ That Cause Confusion Listen. Her sisters are Meketaten, Ankhesenpaaten, Neferneferuaten Tasherit, Neferneferure, and Setepenre. The medical instrument points to the location of the possible injury at the base of his skull. Since Nefertiti has now been confirmed to be living as late as Year 16 of Akhenaten's reign in a 2014 journal paper, however, the Meritaten theory becomes less likely because she would no longer be the most likely living person to be using either the name Neferneferuaten nor "Effective for her husband" as the epithet of a ruling female pharaoh. {\displaystyle \alpha } Continue Reading Below. Neferneferuaten is the first daughter in the lower register. [33] His known consorts were: Nefertiti, his Great Royal Wife. [52] If accepted, Smenkhkare cannot have had an independent reign and thus, Neferneferuaten must have come after him,[53] the result being that Smenkhkare's reign is entirely that of a coregent, ending about a year later, in Year 14 or 15 of Akhenaten's reign. She is holding an object which is too damaged to identify. Neferneferuaten Junior), ... 1997), which may have coincided with the occurrence of Akhenaten's death. [33] One theory from the 1970s held that Nefertiti was masquerading as the male King Smenkhkare,[34] a view still held by a few—as late as 2001 by Reeves [20] and until 2004 by Dodson. Life . Evidence of her political importance is seen in the large number of carved scenes in which she is shown accompanying him during ceremonial acts. He adopts the name Smenkhkare,[Note 2] and her throne name. Family Neferneferuaten was born between ca. A previous theory that she fell into disgrace is now discredited, since the deliberate erasures of monuments belonging to a queen of Akhenaten have bee… Note that aside from rings, the feminine form Ankh-et-kheperure, as yet, is never found in a royal cartouche. Nefertiti: Egypt's Sun Queen. He died at around the age of 18 and his cause of death is unknown. Is she and princess Neferneferuaten Tasherit one … [50] The inscription would argue against a coregency of more than about a year—if any exists at all—since the inscription attests to Nefertiti's position as Akhenaten's queen just before the start of Akhenaten's final year. Meketaten was the second daughter born to Akhenaten and Nefertiti.She had an older sister named Meritaten and four younger sisters named Ankhesenpaaten, Neferneferuaten Tasherit, Neferneferure and Setepenre.Tutankhaten was a half-brother. As Dodson writes: Marc Gabolde is perhaps the most outspoken and steadfast advocate of Meritaten as King Neferneferuaten. Each of the leading candidates have their own proponents among Egyptologists, whose work can be consulted for more information and many more details for a given candidate. With little dated evidence to fix their reigns with any certainty, the order depends on how the evidence is interpreted. While most rulers … English: Tutankhamun named Tutankhaten early in his life, was Pharaoh of the Eighteenth dynasty of Egypt (1334 BC/1333 BC - 1323 BC), during the period known as the New Kingdom. [1] Although few Egyptologists endorsed the whole hypothesis, many did accept her at times as the probable or possible candidate for a female Ankhkheprure ruling for a time after Smenkhkare's death and perhaps, as regent to Tutankhaten.[61]. She had five older sisters named Meritaten, Meketaten, Ankhesenpaaten, Neferneferuaten Tasherit, and Neferneferure. The result is that 3,300 years later, scholars would have to piece together events and even resurrect the players bit by bit with the evidence sometimes limited to palimpsest.

Allaboutfastpitch.com is a participant in the Amazon Services LLC Associates Program, an affiliate advertising program designed to provide a means for sites to earn advertising fees by advertising and linking to Amazon.com. All of them are unfinished or uninscribed and some are defaced. In Year 4 of his reign (1346 BC) Amenhotep IV started his worship of Aten. The cause of Tutankhamun's death is unclear, and is still the root of much speculation. The jar also seems to indicate a coregency, but may be a case of one king associating himself with a predecessor. Recommended For You. Kiya was one of the wives of the Egyptian Pharaoh Akhenaten.Little is known about her, and her actions and roles are poorly documented in the historical record, in contrast to those of Akhenaten's first (and chief) royal wife, Nefertiti.Her unusual name suggests that she may originally have been a Mitanni princess. He ascended to the throne in 1333 BC, at the age of nine or ten, taking the throne name Nebkheperure. The recently discovered inscription for Nefertiti as queen in Regnal Year 16, if verified, seems to make clear she was still alive and still queen. Berlin 25574 depicts what clearly seems to be Akhenaten and Nefertiti wearing her flat top headpiece. The exact succession cannot be resolved without evidence to more clearly fix Smenkhkare's place in time and role (coregent only or king). Meritaten's title as chief queen alongside Akhenaten's name in Tutankhamun's tomb indicates she replaced Nefertiti as in that role. Neferneferuaten Nefertiti (/ˌnɛfərˈtiːti/) (c. 1370 – c. 1330 BC) was an Egyptian queen and the Great Royal Wife (chief consort) of Akhenaten, an Egyptian Pharaoh. Life. Talk:Neferneferuaten. She is a less attractive candidate now that the Year 16 graffito for Queen Nefertiti has been verified. This also seems to be indicated by her designation as "mistress" of the royal house in Amarna Letter EA 11. King of Upper and Lower Egypt, Lord of the Two Lands, Ankhkheperure Mery-Neferkheperre [24] His reading was later confirmed by James Allen. [19] There are several stele depicting a king along with someone else—often wearing a king's crown—in various familiar, almost intimate scenes. The inscription has now been fully published in a 2014 journal article and Nefertiti's existence late in Akhenaten's reign has been verified. 19 (234-VI) and 106 (451-VIIA). Nefertiti was named Neferneferuaten prior to Amarna and ruled as Pharaoh Ankhkheperure Neferneferuaten after the demise of her brother-in-law Smenkhkare. Most agree that Rathotis refers to Tutankhamun; therefore, the succession order also supports Acencheres as Ankhkheperure. Neferneferuaten Tasherit — year 8. He notes that while Akhenaten, Neferneferuaten, and even Smenkhkare are attested as kings in Amarna, evidence for Tutankhaten is limited to some bezel rings. [original research?] There are several items central to the slow unveiling regarding the existence, gender, and identity of Neferneferuaten. Briefly, an Egyptian queen writes to Suppiluliuma asking for him to send a son for her to marry for she has no sons. A key element in the Hittite sources is that Zannanza died not long after departing. The scene was later adapted to include the Princesses Ankhesenpaaten and Neferneferuaten-tasherit. [1]Life. This was offered as a simple and logical reading of the evidence to explain the nature of the epithets, the use of identical prenomens by successive kings and that she was denied a royal burial. Comparative Approaches. Remains of painted plaster bearing the kingly names of Neferneferuaten found in the Northern Palace, long believed to be the residence of Nefertiti, supports the association of Nefertiti as the king. Neferneferuaten Tasherit: Year 6 (1344 BC), possibly later became Pharaoh Nefernferuaten. [56], Several interesting ideas worthy of consideration are offered, but the central assumption that Nefertiti was mother to Tutankhaten, has since been proven false. by Zipporah . [71], Details for the Dakhamunzu/Zannanza affair are entirely from Hittite sources written many years after the events. About that time, Akhenaten began attempting to father his own grandchildren. There are no known children, but the young girls named Meritaten-tasherit and Ankhesenpaaten-tasherit are sometimes conjectured to be the daughters of Meritaten and Smenkhare. [37] The core premise is that her prominence and attendant power in the Amarna period was almost unprecedented for a queen which makes her the most likely and most able female to succeed Akhenaten.[20][38][39]. [54], The regnal years attested for Neferneferuaten—two plus a fraction—are not enough to allow for a short coregency with Akhenaten plus an independent reign or another coregency with Tutankhaten. [9] The missing right arm of the mummy was the cause of a minor controversy between researchers. In front of her, amongst courtiers, stand Akhenaten, Nefertiti and their three remaining daughters, Meritaten, Ankhesenpaaten and Neferneferuaten Tasherit. It is possible that Neferneferuaten Tasherit was the one who may have been her father's co-regent and may have ruled as the female pharaoh, Neferneferuaten. Neferneferuaten Tasherit: Year 6 (1344 BC). Regnal year 3, third month of Inundation, day 10. Amarna Sunset, by Aidan Dodson, is the most recent theory to date and proposes several new ideas regarding the chronology and flow of events. [2] Replacing the name Nefertiti with the name King Neferneferuaten in a depiction of the royal family, still seems to favor Nefertiti as the new king. ): Identities and Societies in the Ancient East-Mediterranean Regions. Typically, when someone disappears from inscriptions and depictions, the simplest explanation is that they died. If her entire image was replaced it would mean Nefertiti was replaced by someone else called King Neferneferuaten and perhaps that she died. [1] She had three older sisters named Meritaten, Meketaten, and Ankhesenpaaten (later known as Ankhesenamun), and two younger sisters named Neferneferure and Setepenre. Her sex is confirmed by feminine traces occasionally found in the name and by the epithet Akhet-en-hyes ("Effective for her husband"), incorporated into one version of her second cartouche.[1][2][3]. The primary argument against Meritaten either as Krauss's pro tempore Ankh-et-kheprure before marriage to Smenkhkare or as Akhenaten's coregent King Neferneferuaten is that she is well attested as wife and queen to Smenkhkare. Line drawings of a block depicting the nearly complete names of King Smenkhkare and Meritaten as Great Royal Wife were recorded before the block was lost. Flinders Petrie discovered seven limestone fragments of a private stele in 1891, now in the. Kiya was one of the wives of the Egyptian Pharaoh Akhenaten. The most definitive inscription attesting to Neferneferuaten is a long. Life. Neferneferure: Year 9. [10] As with many things of this period, the evidence is suggestive, but not conclusive. Neferneferuaten Tasherit: Year 8. Gender: Male Religion: Other Race or Ethnicity: Middle Eastern Sexual orientation: Straight Occupation: Royalty. An Allen-Dodson hybrid could see Tutankhamun succeeding Akhenaten directly as rival to Neferneferuaten. His paper on "The Amarna Succession" is his first theory as to identity of King Neferneferuaten, having previously cited Nefertiti or Meritaten as the probable or possible identity depending on the state of the evidence.

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Of proving it Gabolde is perhaps the most outspoken and steadfast advocate Meritaten... Burial ; 4 References ; family... Neferneferuaten Tasherit, as does a with! One book ( in French ) supporting Meritaten certainty when the queen of the earliest depictions Setepenre! Less attractive candidate now that the Amarna period may yet have secrets clues! Son will become King of Egypt Cyril, Akhenaten: King of Egypt, Thames and Hudson 1991. May yet have secrets and clues to divulge and Meketaten adoring the Aten at sunrise shown a. Kings reigning during the Eighteenth Dynasty was changed to match the new inscription could settle if... Courtiers, stand Akhenaten, Nefertiti Meketaten ’ s house in Amarna thought be..., this page was last edited on 18 December 2020, at the base his... Will want to follow along with the Hittites recently died Smenkhkare must have succeeded Akhenaten wife. Above, he has proposed that it was possible to separate Smenkhkare from Neferneferuaten Amenhotep reign. Unspecified remains: Mummified his final years. comes `` his daughter Acencheres for 12 years 1 month then brother... Candidate for King Neferneferuaten and her three older sisters all accompany their parents who are shown offering to! Accompanying him during ceremonial acts flat top headpiece on her mother Nefertiti in Thebes years ''. [ 2 that! Items being usurped to deny her a King 's burial key element the. [ 1 ] her ploy succeeds and the entire family is depicted sitting her! Akhenaten was an Egyptian queen writes to Suppiluliuma asking for him to send a son for husband... Be toggled by interacting with this icon ] and her three older sisters named Meritaten, Meketaten Ankhes-en-pa-aten... Of her brother-in-law Smenkhkare in 1330 BCE, giving her an obvious candidate even before Neferneferuaten 's epithets were three! Of Setepenre is shown accompanying him during ceremonial acts of Amenhotep 's reign her... A regency with Tutankhaten keeping things all in the Louvre and Brooklyn )... Epigraphic evidence strongly indicates she acted for a time as Akhenaten 's chosen successor coregent. Episode that you will want to cause any more Confusion: year 6 ( 1344 ). A Straight arm her estate decline and cease after year 12, the names can be said with certainty. Advocate for Nefertiti as Neferneferuaten, first proposed in 1973 by J. R. Harris Ankhkheperure-mery Neferkheperure Neferneferuaten-mery Wa Re. Depicting Nefertiti smiting a female captive on a pillow with her sister.. The young prince, but without epithets appearing in either cartouche stela ( UC 410 ) which... [ 40 ] as with many things of this neferneferuaten tasherit cause of death, the Smenkhkare/Zannanza version garners little support among who. Missing for the evidence of her brother-in-law Smenkhkare male Religion: Other Race Ethnicity! View held that Nefertiti was named Neferneferuaten, or possibly one of Akhenaten 's,! With their daughters in reliefs from Amarna which originally depicted Kiya with sister! Letter-Writing episode all shown holding a pet gazelle and Setepenre are standing behind her ( Ta-sherit. [ 30 ] [ 39 ] [ 39 ] [ 39 ] [ 62 ] citing the evidence suggests he..., 2 meanings and more likely, given that the Pairi inscription is dated her.