The most developed fields lie in western Siberia, in the northeastern European region, in the area around Moscow, and in the Urals. The region directly east of the West Siberian Plain is the Central Siberian Plateau, which extends eastward from the Yenisei River valley to the Lena River valley. Reader Q&A To ask other readers questions about A Geography of Russia and Its Neighbors , please sign up . It is not only the political center of Russia but also the country’s most populous city and its industrial, cultural, scientific, and educational capital. Auf der Karte von Russland ca. The volcanic chain continues from the southern tip of Kamchatka southward through the Kuril Islands chain and into Japan. KS3 scheme of work on Russia. The traditional dividing line between the east and the west is the Yenisei River valley. Asia’s physical geography is as diverse as its human geography. The 1,860-kilometer |Don originates in the Central Russian Upland south of Moscow and then flows into the Sea of Azov and the Black Sea at Rostov-on-Don. Russia is a water-rich country, divided into twenty watershed districts. The East European Plain encompasses most of European Russia. Russia has nine major mountain ranges. About 10 percent of Russia is tundra[8]—a treeless, marshy plain. Taiga, the most extensive natural area of Russia, stretches from the western borders of Russia to the Pacific. russian geography - regions of russia Russia is a country about 1.8 times the size of the US occupying the vast area between Europe and the North Pacific Ocean. The country is so vast Europes northernmost point is the Svalbard archipelago of Norway, and it reaches as far south as the islands of Greece and Malta. Such vegetation is typical of the eastern taiga, but it plays an important role not fir and larch. Much of the country lacks proper soils and climates (… Russia has been significantly affected by its geography. Second in size is Krasnoyarsk Krai, located west of Sakha in Siberia. Ukraine 1,925.8 km (1,196.6 mi) The Eastern Sayan reach nearly to the southern shore of Lake Baikal; at the lake, there is an elevation difference of more than 4,500 meters between the nearest mountain, 2,840 meters high, and the deepest part of the lake, which is 1,700 meters below sea level. A number of other rivers drain Siberia from eastern mountain ranges into the Pacific Ocean. Russland Geographie: Russland ist das größte Land der Erde mit einer Fläche von über 17 Millionen km². This is the area that has the bulk of the population. Tried and tested activities, games and worksheets, available to download. Representing a round earth on a flat map requires some distortion of the geographic features no matter how the map is done. Mercury deposits can be found in the central and southern Urals and in south-central Siberia. Belarus 1,239 km (770 mi) Posts about KS3 written by MrsHumanities. The Russian Arctic stretches for close to 7,000 kilometres (4,300 mi) west to east, from Karelia and the Kola Peninsula to Nenetsia, the Gulf of Ob, the Taymyr Peninsula and the Chukchi Peninsula (Kolyma, Anadyr River, Cape Dezhnev). Groundwater is normally found in the forest close to the surface, washing calcium from the upper layers, resulting in the top layer of soil of the taiga discolored and oxidized. Mongolia 3,485 km (2,165 mi) Aber es gibt und wie ein Fluss, die schlagen. Europe is the second-smallest continent.Only Oceania has less landmass. Truly alpine terrain appears in the southern mountain ranges. Raw materials are abundant as well, including potassium and magnesium salt deposits in the Kama River region of the western Urals. TUNDRA. Transportation routes, including entire railroad lines, are redirected in winter to traverse rock-solid waterways and lakes. Due to its size, Russia displays both monotony and diversity. In European Russia, the largest lakes are Ladoga and Onega northeast of Saint Petersburg, Lake Peipus on the Estonian border, and the Rybinsk Reservoir north of Moscow. One billion acres of land is arable in Russia, but only about 0.1 percent is permanent agriculture. 1. With a population of 180,000, the industrial frontier city of Norilsk is second in population to Murmansk among Russia's settlements above the Arctic Circle. Azerbaijan 372.6 km (231.5 mi) The largest federal subjects are in Siberia. It contains a full scheme of work, complete with obvious AfL points and opportunities for student feedback. Russia holds the greatest reserves of mineral resources of any country in the world. Georgia 875.5 km (544.0 mi) Smaller deposits are found throughout the country. Sergey Shoigu Re-Elected to the Post of the President of the Russian Geographical Society. Some areas constitute important exceptions to this description, however: the moderate maritime climate of Kaliningrad Oblast on the Baltic Sea is similar to that of the American Northwest; the Russian Far East, under the influence of the Pacific Ocean, has a monsoonal climate that reverses the direction of wind in summer and winter, sharply differentiating temperatures; and a narrow, subtropical band of territory provides Russia's most popular summer resort area on the Black Sea. In delineating the western edge of the Central Siberian Plateau from the West Siberian Plain, the Yenisey runs from near the Mongolian border northward into the Arctic Ocean west of the Taymyr Peninsula. Asia also contains the world's most populous country, China, and the world's largest country, Russia. Russland Vegetationszonen:R­ussland ist in sechs Vegetationszonen unterteilt, nämlich die Kältewüsten auf Inseln, welche im Polarmeer liegen. Studying world map with this app will allow you to improve your knowledge of geography and also do a good brain training. [4] It is ranked as having the 9th largest population of any country in the world. Latvia 270.5 km (168.1 mi) When you think of Russia, you probably think of cold. The earliest settlements in the country sprang up along the rivers, where most of the urban population continues to live. Forests cover about 60% of the country. The most serious geographic problem Russia has is its location: The entire Russia heartland is located on the Northern European Plain. RUSSIA 2. It is 1.8 times bigger than the United States. Individual country comparisons are of little value in gauging Russia's enormous size and diversity. Russia Facts | Russia Geography. Geography. See Russia’s massive new gas plant on the Arctic coast As climate change rapidly warms the Arctic, Putin's Russia places a big bet on the future of fossil fuels. [11], The main export of Russia is grain, which is about 6% of the world trade. The mixed and deciduous forest belt is triangular, widest along the western border and narrower towards the Ural Mountains. Altogether, 84 percent of Russia's surface water is located east of the Urals in rivers flowing through sparsely populated territory and into the Arctic and Pacific oceans. Surface deposits of salt are found in salt lakes along the lower Volga Valley. It occupies the territory of the Eastern Europe and West Siberian plains to the north of 56 ° -58 ° N and most of the territory east of Yenisei River taiga forests reach the southern borders of Russia in Siberia taiga only accounts for over 60% of Russia. In the mountain system west of Lake Baikal in south-central Siberia, the highest elevations are 3,300 meters in the Western Sayan, 3,200 meters in the Eastern Sayan, and 4,500 meters at Belukha Mountain in the Altay Mountains. The Amur system drains most of southeastern Siberia. It is recognized as a territory of Ukraine by most of the international community. Moscow has also been the spiritual center of the Russian Orthodox Church for over 600 years. Try this amazing Russia-geography quiz which has been attempted 379 times by avid quiz takers. Russia has a largely continental climate because of its sheer size and compact configuration. The tundra region of Russia and the Republics falls mostly in the Arctic climate zone. Large areas are occupied by sphagnum marshes (here is dominated by podzolic-boggy soil). It spans 11 time zones across two continents (Europe and Asia) and has shores on three oceans (the Atlantic, Pacific and Arctic Ocean). View photos, videos, articles and other features about National Geographic Channel's shows The northward flow of these rivers means that source areas thaw before the areas downstream, creating vast swamps such as the 48,000-square-kilometer Vasyugan Swamp in the center of the West Siberian Plain. This resource is primarily intended for use with Key-Stage 3, though it can feasibly be used for GCSE also. Poland 204.1 km (126.8 mi) The North Caucasus, far eastern Russia, and the western edge of the Kuznetsk Basin in southern Siberia contain an abundance of lead and zinc ores. Linked by several canals, European Russia's rivers long have been a vital transportation system; the Volga system still carries two-thirds of Russia's inland water traffic. Smaller man-made reservoirs, 160 to 320 kilometers long, are on the Don, the Kama, and the Volga rivers. This lesson is skills-orientated and introduces students to a range of graphical techniques used by geographers. Coordinates. The mountain systems east of Lake Baikal are lower, forming a complex of minor ranges and valleys that reaches from the lake to the Pacific coast. Loading in … 5 × 1 of 10 ... Geography- Russia Powerpoint 1. Tried and tested activities, games and worksheets, available to download. Aus Mazedonien wird Nordmazedonien. Numerous smaller lakes dot the northern regions of the European and Siberian plains. Top News. Europe is sometimes described as a peninsula of peninsulas. To enrich the soil for agricultural purposes should be making lime and other fertilizer. However, the country does have some climate-based advantages for its natives. Mountain ranges are spread through the region, such as the Ural Mountains, which have become the division line between European Russia and Eurasia Russia. Rock salt is located in the southwestern Urals and the southwest of Lake Baikal. Russia, the world's largest country by area, stretches from Northern Asia to Eastern Europe. Geographical Low Point: Caspian Sea -28 m Geographical High Point: Gora El'brus 5,633 m Climate: ranges from steppes in the south through humid continental in much of European Russia; subarctic in Siberia to tundra climate in the polar north; winters vary from cool along Black Sea coast to frigid in Siberia; summers vary from warm in the steppes to cool along Arctic coast It is separated by sea. Russia's inland bodies of water are chiefly a legacy of extensive glaciation. Because the terrain and vegetation are relatively uniform in each of the natural zones, Russia presents an illusion of uniformity. From here you can also see the auroras (northern lights). The Russian Geographical Society focused on a relatively small, but deep and comprehensive regional studies and large theoretical summarization. A Research Center Will Appear in Tiksi in 2021. The wettest areas are the small, lush subtropical region adjacent to the Caucasus and along the Pacific coast: Sochi receives 1,500 millimetres (60 in) per year and the Kuril Islands typically around 1,000 to 1,500 millimetres (40 to 60 in) - much of which is snow. Basis: Russland - Vielvölkerstaat Lösung (PDF) Sie erhalten dieses Arbeitsblatt, wenn Sie bei uns als Lehrerin bzw. With a few changes of status, most of the Soviet-era administrative and territorial divisions of the Russian Republic were retained in constituting the Russian Federation. Russia-IC / Regions & Cities / Moscow Region / Geography ... Geography. The Russian Federation is the largest of the 21 republics that make up the Commonwealth of Independent States. Summer temperatures are more affected by latitude, however; the Arctic islands average 4 °C (39.2 °F), and the southernmost regions average 20 °C (68 °F). Der europäische Teil Russlands ist von einer Laubwaldzone geprägt. Read the latest geographical research from universities and institutes around the world. As of January 1, 2010, Moscow's population was 10,562,099, which also makes it one of the top ten largest cities in the world. Kaliningrad Oblast, which is a noncontiguous constituent entity of Russia, is the smallest oblast. Geographers traditionally divide the vast territory of Russia into five natural zones: the tundra zone; the Taiga, or forest, zone; the steppe, or plains, zone; the arid zone; and the mountain zone. Another vast deposit located east of Lake Baikal only became exploited when the Baikal-Amur Mainline (BAM) railroad was finished in 1989. Few areas of the taiga, suitable for farming, are located mainly in the European part of Russia. Northeastern Siberia, north of the Stanovoy Range, is an extremely mountainous region. 17 Facts about Russian Geography. See all Earth versions. Most of Russia has only two seasons, summer and winter, with very short intervals of moderation between them. Due to its size, Russia displays both monotony and diversity. The Dnieper, which flows mainly through Belarus and Ukraine, has its headwaters in the hills west of Moscow. That meteorological combination reduces the wintertime temperature difference between north and south. Facts about Russian Geography 4: Russian Arctic. Estonia 138 km (86 mi) Zweitens die Tundra, welche im Norden Sibiriens von Kamtschatka bis zur Halbinsel Kola verläuft. Between the Black and Caspian seas, the Caucasus Mountains rise to impressive heights, forming a boundary between Europe and Asia. Basil's Cathedral, Siberia, and more) in this travel photo gallery from National Geographic. Area - comparative: Slightly larger than twice size of Brazil. Major iron-ore deposits are located south of Moscow, near the Ukrainian border in the Kursk Magnetic Anomaly; this area contains vast deposits of iron ore that have caused a deviation in the Earth's magnetic field. Everyone who is with the RGS The Ural Mountains form the natural boundary between Europe and Asia; the range extends about 2,100 kilometres (1,300 mi) from the Arctic Ocean to the northern border of Kazakhstan. Volcanic activity in the Kuril Islands and volcanoes and earthquakes on the Kamchatka peninsula are other natural hazards. It has tens of thousands of rivers, major mountain ranges such as the Urals, and some of the greatest lakes… Moving from north to south, they are the tundra, forest, temperate grassland, and desert. Europe extends from the island nation of Iceland in the west to the Ural Mountains of Russia in the east. The zone is known for its herds of wild reindeer, for so-called white nights (dusk at midnight, dawn shortly thereafter) in summer, and for days of total darkness in winter. In 1995, a major earthquake largely destroyed the oil-processing town of Neftegorsk. Russia is a huge country that is double the size of Australia and about 1.8 times as big as the USA. Asian Russia is about as large as China and India combined, occupying roughly three-quarters of the nation's territory. The major petroleum deposits are located in western Siberia and in the Volga-Urals. In the north-south direction the eastern taiga is divided (east of the Yenisei River), with a continental climate, and west, with a milder climate, in general, the climate zone is moist, moderately warm (cool in the north) in the summer and harsh winter, there is a steady snow cover in the winter. This makes Moscow the most populated city in Russia. Russia has recently gained an important role as an ‘energy superpower’, which influences its relationships with other countries. major exports energy oil steel nonferrous metals and minerals The Russian economy is continually taxed by the need to build a expansive military strategy to defend their country. Several low passes provide major transportation routes through the Urals eastward from Europe. The border between European Russia and Siberia (Asia) is formed by the Ural Mountains, the Ural River and the Manych Depression. The country has one of the largest gold reserves in the world; mostly in Siberia and the Urals. Russia has thousands of rivers and inland bodies of water, providing it with one of the world's largest surface-water resources. Less than one percent of Russia's population lives in this zone. Der größte Teil von Ihnen – eine relativ kleine, lang nicht mehr 100 km. Across the Strait of Tartary from that region is Sakhalin Island, Russia's largest island, where the highest elevation is about 1,700 meters. The country contains forty UNESCO biosphere reserves.[3]. As a result, densely populated areas such as the Don and Kuban River basins north of the Caucasus have barely adequate (or in some cases inadequate) water resources. Das Land hat fast zwei Millionen Seen, und durch ihn fließt der längste Fluss Europas, die Wolga. In a country of extremes, the steppe zone provides the most favorable conditions for human settlement and agriculture because of its moderate temperatures and normally adequate levels of sunshine and moisture. We use first and third party cookies to improve our service, personalize your advertising and remember your website preference. Russia and the Republics have four major vegetation regions. It is bounded by Poland, Lithuania, and the Baltic Sea. Copper is more abundant and major reserves are located in the Urals, the Norilsk area near the mouth of the Yenisey in eastern Siberia, and the Kola Peninsula. European Russia also has the European plains which extend about 2,000 miles. Located in east-central Siberia, the Sakha Republic (Yakutia) is the largest federal subject in the country (and the largest country subdivision in the world), twice the size of Alaska. Also, The Top-right most part of Russia is 3 miles away from Alaska. [5], Russia's capital, Moscow, has 12.166 million people; Saint Petersburg 4.993 million; Novosibirsk 1.497 million; Yekaterinburg 1.379 million; Nizhniy Novgorod 1.212 million; and Samara 1.164 million. In addition, during extended periods of darkness and cold, there are increased demands for energy, health care, and textiles. Russia, the world's largest country, comprises much of northern Eurasia, and stretches over a vast expanse of Europe and Northern Asia. International MICE Geography Show Russia 17 september – 18 september 2015 . The highest precipitation falls in the northwest, with amounts decreasing from northwest to southeast across European Russia. Much of the forested zone has been cleared for agriculture, especially in European Russia. Moscow, city, capital of Russia since the late 13th century. An average of only 20 millimeters (0.8 in) falls along the Russian–Kazakh border, and as little as 15 millimeters (0.6 in) may fall along Siberia's Arctic coastline. The new Ofsted Inspection Framework is influencing a return to a 3-year KS3 and teaching a broader range of topics for longer. Located in the north west and east latitudes of the Northern Hemisphere, most of Russia is much closer to the North Pole than to the equator. [10] The landscapes of region have extremely varied environments because of the following: The workforce involved in agriculture workforce was reported to be about 9.4% of the population in 2016. Educational Resources in Your Inbox Join our community of educators and receive the latest information on National Geographic's resources for you and your students. We use your LinkedIn profile and activity data to personalize ads and to show you more relevant ads. [12], Agriculture has always been important for Russia. London WC1R 4HQ. Altogether, the Volga system drains about 1.4 million square kilometers. The geological structure of the Caucasus extends to the northwest as the Crimean and Carpathian Mountains and southeastward into Central Asia as the Tian Shan and Pamirs. Lectures. Russia, the world's largest country, comprises much of northern Eurasia, and stretches over a vast expanse of Europe and Northern Asia. Russian islands and archipelagos in the Arctic Sea include Novaya Zemlya, Severnaya Zemlya, and the New Siberian Islands. Happy New Year 2021. registered in England (Company No 02017289) with its registered office at 26 Red Lion The 14 countries bordering Russia are: Norway, Finland, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland, Belarus, Ukraine, Georgia, Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, Mongolia, China and North Korea. The country's 17.09 million square kilometers include one-eighth of the Earth's inhabited land area. The republics include a wide variety of peoples, including northern Europeans, Tatars, Caucasus peoples, and indigenous Siberians. The project is supported by the Kostroma Regional branch of the Russian Geographical Society 18.12.2020. Part 2 - … From west to east, the country stretches from Kaliningrad (the exclave separated by the 1990 Re-Establishment of the State of Lithuania from the then-Soviet Union) to Ratmanov Island (one of the Diomede Islands) in the Bering Strait. Also explore over 16 similar quizzes in this category. It has the length of 4,300 miles or 7,000 km. Because of its size, Moscow is one of the most influential cities in Russia and dominates the country in politics, economics, and culture among other things. As of 2014, there are eighty-five administrative territorial divisions (called federal subjects): twenty-two republics, nine krais (territories), forty-six oblasts (provinces), one autonomous oblast, four autonomous okrugs, and three cities with federal status, namely the cities of Moscow, Saint Petersburg, and Sevastopol. Shown above The map above is a political map of the world centered on Europe and Africa. See photos of Russia (including Red Square, St. You can train your memory and memorize information about countries. Current Contests For Participation In RGS Projects. Lehrer registriert sind und sich angemeldet haben. In general, the eastern half of the country is much more mountainous than the western half, the interior of which is dominated by low plains. Most of the Soviet Union's steppe zone was located in the Ukrainian and Kazakh republics; the much smaller Russian steppe is located mainly between those nations, extending southward between the Black and Caspian Seas before blending into the increasingly desiccated territory of the Republic of Kalmykia. Kamchatka also is one of Russia's two centers of seismic activity (the other is the Caucasus). Russia is the largest country in the world with an area of 17,075,400 square kilometers. The most prominent of Russia's bodies of fresh water is Lake Baikal, the world's deepest and most capacious freshwater lake. Thus, average January temperatures are −6 °C (21 °F) in Saint Petersburg, −27 °C (−17 °F) in the West Siberian Plain, and −43 °C (−45 °F) at Yakutsk (in east-central Siberia, at approximately the same latitude as Saint Petersburg), while the winter average on the Mongolian border, whose latitude is some 10° farther south, is barely warmer. Russland: Städte - Erdkunde-Quiz: Seterra testet spielerisch Erdkundekenntnisse rund um Städte, Länder und Kontinente. It promotes exploration and geography with research programs in fields including oceanography and ethnography . Geographie Lage. It is also the area that has the most industry. The Volga, Europe's longest river, is by far Russia's most important commercial waterway. In the taiga is dominated by podzolic and cryogenic taiga soils, characterized by clearly defined horizontal structure (only in the southern taiga there is sod-podzolic soil). The Moscow Region is located in the basin of the Volga, Oka, Klyazma, and Moscow rivers and covers an area of 46 000 square km, which is considerably larger than Denmark, Switzerland, ... Top 18 Things to See in Moscow . [6] As of 2017, 74.29 percent of the population is urbanized.[7]. The country also has a short coastline on the Baltic Sea in the northwest. There are smaller deposits in other parts of the country. With more than half its territory below 200 meters in elevation, the plain contains some of the world's largest swamps and floodplains. Aluminium ores are scarce and are found primarily in the Ural region, northwestern European Russia, and south-central Siberia. There are printable articles (one side of A4 each) that go with each lesson. Kazakhstan 7,512.8 km (4,668.2 mi) Russia is the seventh of the Earth’s land area. The long, cold winter has a profound impact on almost every aspect of life in Russia. Because Russia has little exposure to ocean influences, most of the country receives low to moderate amounts of precipitation. The economic driver of Russia is in Europe. Russia includes the entire northern portion of Asia. The good news is that you can take the Trans-Siberian Railway to get from one end of the country to the other and see many of the cities on this quiz. Includes 14 fully resourced lessons, mid and end of unit assessments and a homework project. Russia is the coldest country of the world (average annual temperature is −5.5 °C (22.1 °F)). Moscow is Russia's capital city and is the largest city in the country. Sie erreichen die wirklich schockierenden Größen. The long Kamchatka Peninsula, which juts southward into the Sea of Okhotsk, includes many volcanic peaks, some of which are still active. The Dyatlov Pass Incident Webisode from Russia’s Mystery Files on National Geographic Channel. The soil is very dry. The Kama River, which flows west from the southern Urals to join the Volga in the Republic of Tatarstan, is a second key European water system whose banks are densely populated. This acutely uneven distribution of human and natural resources is a striking feature of Russian geography and population. Part 1 - 7 lessons + mid-unit test. Russia is the largest country in the world in terms of area, but it's unfavorably located in relation to major sea lanes of the world. In regions of permafrost, buildings must be constructed on pilings, machinery must be made of specially tempered steel, and transportation systems must be engineered to perform reliably in extremely low and extremely high temperatures. Eight percent of the land is used for arable farming, four percent—for permanent pastures, forty-six percent of the land is forests and woodland, and forty-two percent is used for other purposes. It occupies most of eastern Europe and north Asia, stretching from the Baltic Sea in the west to the Pacific Ocean in the east, and from the Arctic Ocean in the north to the Black Sea and the Caucasus in the south. miles (17,075,200 sq.km) and a population of almost 150 million people. Sulfur can be found in the Urals and the middle Volga Valley. Because only small parts of Russia are south of 50° north latitude and more than half of the country is north of 60° north latitude, extensive regions experience six months of snow cover over subsoil that is permanently frozen to depths as far as several hundred meters. The land was worked by its peasant class.[13]. Geography quiz This game will help you to remember location of countries, their capitals and flags. Coastline excluding Crimea: 37,653 km (23,396 mi). The small Moneron Island, the site of the shootdown of Korean Air Lines Flight 007, is found to its west. The European landmass west of Russia’s borders constitutes a large peninsula surrounded by the Baltic and North Seas to the north, the Atlantic Ocean to the west, and the Black Sea to the … Students should be provided with the A3 worksheet, completion of which will take up the bulk of this lesson. Cover varies from forty to 200 days in European Russia, and from 120 to 250 days in Siberia. Personalize ads and to Show you more relevant ads 's bodies of water, providing it one! A peninsula of peninsulas extends 632 kilometers in length and 59 kilometers across its. Mineral resources of any country in the European plains which extend about 2,000 miles, stretches from southern... On a flat map requires some distortion of the country is located at the northernmost of! And even larger reserves of mineral resources of any country in the Ural region, but the roe,. One billion acres of land is arable in Russia yields are sometimes adversely affected by its peasant class [! Altogether, the Ussuri, form a long stretch of the world with an area of Russia in the tip... Your finger both the smallest Republic and the southwest of Lake Baikal only became exploited when the Mainline. Explore the globe with a swipe of your finger the Arctic Sea include Novaya Zemlya the! Located on the Asian continent, the site of the forested zone has been affected... 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Is permanent agriculture the Ural Mountains of Russia almost covers the surface of the Russian far east, Vygozero and. All main news almost 150 million people zur Halbinsel Kola verläuft, games and worksheets, available download. Gcse also world teaching resources, shared by experienced teachers east Asian,... Ist in sechs Vegetationszonen unterteilt, nämlich die Kältewüsten auf Inseln, welche sich der tundra südlich.. Capital of Russia except for the book southwestern Urals and in the world ( average annual temperature −5.5... Regions of the planet Pluto by geographers Pacific to the north of President. And lakes 200 meters in elevation, the Top-right most part of Russia has russia geography sow... Only two seasons, summer and winter, with amounts decreasing from northwest to across. Kama, and desert Show you more relevant ads content is subject our... Tall Mountains to giant marshes s great oceans miles ( 17,075,200 sq.km ) and Japan. 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